Therefore overhead lines produce a magnetic field which peaks underneath the conductors and falls rapidly with distance either side. More detail on how fields fall with distance. More detail on the direction of the field. More detail on the factors that affect the field a line produces. Although people living near high-voltage power lines are a group whose exposure is high and can often be calculated reasonably well, they are a small group. In the UK, 0. Percentages in other countries seem to be comparable USA 1.
More detail on numbers of homes near power lines. Averaged over the population, high-voltage power lines contribute only a small fraction of collective average exposure to EMFs, because so few people are exposed to them. More detail on calculations including a direct comparison of calculations and measurements. In the spirit of openness, most of the raw data used to plot the graphs of fields from overhead lines on this site are available as downloadable spreadsheets. See also similar graphs for electric fields and for maximum fields Typical ground-level UK field levels from overhead power lines Magnetic Field microteslas Electric Field volts per metre The largest steel pylons kV and kV Maximum field under line Typical field under line Typical field 25 m to side 11, Smaller steel pylons kV Maximum field under line Typical field under line Typical field 25 m to side 40 0.
Transmission and distribution - which is which? What is a transmission line? The analytical model is validated by means of comparisons between measured and calculated results. Several cases of study are presented which support the foundation and accuracy of the proposed model. Electric and magnetic field reduction by alternative transmission line options. Stewart, J. Power Technologies, Inc. Oak Ridge National Lab. Energetics, Inc. Ground level electric, and more recently magnetic, fields from overhead power transmission lines are increasingly important considerations in right of way specification, with states setting or planning to set edge of right of way limits.
Research has been conducted in high phase order power transmission wherein six of twelve phases are used to transmit power in less physical space and with reduced electrical environmental effects than conventional designs.
The first magnetic field testing, as reported in this paper, has verified predictive methods for determination of magnetic fields from high phase order lines. Based on these analytical methods, field profiles have been determined for lines of different phase order of comparable power capacity. Potential advantages of high phase order as a means of field mitigation are discussed. Environmental Assessment. The line should be replaced because of the deteriorated condition of the wood-pole H-frame structures.
Because the line lacks an overhead ground wire, it is subject to numerous outages caused by lightning. The line will be 54 years old in , which is the target date for line replacement. The normal service life of a wood-pole line is 45 years. Under the No Action Alternative, no new transmission lines would be built in the project area. The existing kV transmission line would continue to operate with routine maintenance, with no provisions made for replacement.
Technical and economical optimisation of overhead power distribution line lightning protection. Katic, N. Faculty of Electrical Engineering. The existing methodology for overhead line lightning protection design does not take into account customer and utility costs of line outages.
In the paper a new concept of line lightning protection design based on economic optimisation is presented. Different tower types are analysed and for various undelivered energy participation factors optimal line design suggested. In line lightning flashover rate estimation both direct and induced surges are analysed.
This report describes the need for a kV overhead transmission line to supply power from Sidney, Nebraska to eastern Colorado. The alternative scenario compared to construction of the line is No Action. Rejected alternatives include underground lines and different routing paths, with a possible extension to the Sterling area.
Both scenarios are evaluated for environmental effects, cost, and consequences for the eastern Colorado region. The proposed route is determined to be the environmentally preferred choice. Underground cables as an alternative to overhead lines. A comparison of economic and technical aspects of voltages over 22 kV. The report presents technical and economical aspects of underground cables compared to overhead lines in Norway in high voltage transmission systems above 22 kV.
The economical comparison between the two options includes capital costs of installation investment costs , maintenance costs and costs of electrical losses. The main technical issues discussed are reliability and flexibility. Designing concept on lightning protection of overhead power distribution line. The principle is shown for lightning protection of power distribution lines taking the effects of surge arresters, overhead ground wires and their combined use into consideration.
Moreover an outline of a rational design method targeting direct lightning hits, induced over voltages and back flow currents from high structures. Existing transmission power grids suffer from high maintenance costs and scalability issues along with a lack of effective and secure system monitoring. To address these problems, we propose to use Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs as a technology to achieve energy efficient, reliable, and low-cost remote monitoring of transmission grids.
With WSNs, smart grid enables both utilities and customers to monitor, predict and manage energy usage effectively and react to possible power grid disturbances in a timely manner. However, the increased application of WSNs also introduces new security challenges, especially related to privacy, connectivity, and security management, repeatedly causing unpredicted expenditures.
Monitoring the status of the power system, a large amount of sensors generates massive amount of sensitive data. In order to build an effective Wireless Sensor Network WSN for a smart grid, we focus on designing a methodology of efficient and secure delivery of the data measured on transmission lines.
We perform a set of simulations, in which we examine different routing algorithms, security mechanisms and WSN deployments in order to select the parameters that will not affect the delivery time but fulfill their role and ensure security at the same time. Furthermore, we analyze the optimal placement of direct wireless links, aiming at minimizing time delays, balancing network performance and decreasing deployment costs.
Partial discharge location technique for covered-conductor overhead distribution lines. In Finland, covered-conductor CC overhead lines are commonly used in medium voltage MV networks because the loads are widely distributed in the forested terrain. Such parts of the network are exposed to leaning trees which produce partial discharges PDs in CC lines. This thesis presents a technique to locate the PD source on CC overhead distribution line networks. The algorithm is developed and tested using a simulated study and experimental measurements.
A Rogowski coil is used as the measuring sensor. A multi-end correlation-based technique for PD location is implemented using the theory of maximum correlation factor in order to find the time difference of arrival TDOA between signal arrivals at three synchronized measuring points.
The three stages of signal analysis used are: 1 denoising by applying discrete wavelet transform DWT ; 2 extracting the PD features using the absolute or windowed standard deviation STD and; 3 locating the PD point. The advantage of this technique is the ability to locate the PD source without the need to know the first arrival time and the propagation velocity of the signals. In addition, the faulty section of the CC line between three measuring points can also be identified based on the degrees of correlation.
An experimental analysis is performed to evaluate the PD measurement system performance for PD location on CC overhead lines. The measuring set-up is arranged in a high voltage HV laboratory. A multi-end measuring method is chosen as a technique to locate the PD source point on the line. The tests were designed to cover different conditions such as offline and online.
Full Text Available The paper describes an algorithm for calculation of capacitances and charges on conductors in systems with earth wires and in double-circuit overhead lines with respect to phase arrangement. A balanced voltage system is considered. A suitable transposition of individual conductors enables to reduce the electric and magnetic fields in vicinity of overhead lines and to limit the inductive and capacitive linkage.
The procedure is illustrated on examples the results of which lead to particular recommendations for designers. Measurements of residual deformations of steel-aluminum conductors in operating overhead lines. Experience in the operation of overhead power lines using steel-aluminum conductors is presented. Measurements were taken on the residual deformation of the steel-aluminum lines to determine the amount of sag increase and to forecast this increase for the entire period of operation.
It is recommended that the work on measuring the residual deformation in the power lines be extended to a broader range of operating conditions such as conductors, spans, and climate conditions. Full Text Available This paper presents a novel method to solve the initial lightning breakdown current by combing ATP and MATLAB simulation software effectively, with the aims to evaluate the lightning protection performance of transmission line. Firstly, the executable ATP simulation model is generated automatically according to the required information such as power source parameters, tower parameters, overhead line parameters, grounding resistance and lightning current parameters, etc.
Then, the data are extracted from the generated LIS files which can be obtained by executing the ATP simulation model, the occurrence of transmission lie breakdown can be determined by the relative data in LIS file. The lightning current amplitude should be reduced when the breakdown occurs, and vice the verse.
Thus the initial lightning breakdown current of a transmission line with given parameters can be determined accurately by continuously changing the lightning current amplitude, which is realized by a loop computing algorithm that is coded by MATLAB software. The method proposed in this paper can generate the ATP simulation program automatically, and facilitates the lightning protection performance assessment of transmission line.
Mode and climatic factors effect on energy losses in transient heat modes of transmission lines. Electrical energy losses increase in modern grids.
The losses are connected with an increase in consumption. Existing models of electric power losses estimation considering climatic factors do not allow estimating the cable temperature in real time. These factors increase an interest in the evaluation of the dynamic thermal mode of overhead transmission lines conductors. The article discusses an approximate analytic solution of the heat balance equation in the transient operation mode of overhead lines based on the least squares method.
The accuracy of the results obtained is comparable with the results of solving the heat balance equation of transient thermal mode with the Runge-Kutt method. The analysis of mode and climatic factors effect on the cable temperature in a dynamic thermal mode is presented. The calculation of the maximum permissible current for variation of weather conditions is made.
The average electric energy losses during the transient process are calculated with the change of wind, air temperature and solar radiation. The parameters having the greatest effect on the transmission capacity are identified. Rigid conductor lines are used in many subways, because the use of such conductor lines reduces the risk of accidents and because less space is required for their installation.
However, as the unevenness of the sliding surface of the rigid conductor lines significantly influences the fluctuations in the contact force between pantographs and contact lines , it is necessary to decrease the unevenness at the construction as well as the maintenance stages. In order to investigate the installation accuracy of overhead rigid conductor lines , we have developed a device that accurately and continuously measures the unevenness of the sliding surface.
By using this measuring device, we have confirmed that the unevenness of the sliding surface depends on various factors such as the sag between the support points, the deformation of the aluminum base or the conductive rail in the case of a long wavelength, the slight sagging unevenness between the bolts of the long ear, the undulating wear etc.
This paper describes the actual unevenness conditions and the technical methods for decreasing the unevenness of the sliding surface of overhead rigid conductor lines. Estimation of flashover voltage probability of overhead line insulators under industrial pollution, based on maximum likelihood method. The performance of transmission line insulator is greatly affected by dust, fumes from industrial areas and saline deposit near the coast.
Such pollutants in the presence of moisture form a coating on the surface of the insulator, which in turn allows the passage of leakage current. This leakage builds up to a point where flashover develops. The flashover is often followed by permanent failure of insulation resulting in prolong outages. With the increase in system voltage owing to the greater demand of electrical energy over the past few decades, the importance of flashover due to pollution has received special attention.
The objective of the present work was to study the performance of overhead line insulators in the presence of contaminants such as induced salts. A detailed review of the literature and the mechanisms of insulator flashover due to the pollution are presented.
Experimental investigations on the behavior of overhead line insulators under industrial salt contamination are carried out. A special fog chamber was designed in which the contamination testing of insulators was carried out. Flashover behavior under various degrees of contamination of insulators with the most common industrial fume components such as Nitrate and Sulphate compounds was studied.
Substituting the normal distribution parameter in the probability distribution function based on maximum likelihood develops a statistical method.
The critical flashover index is a valuable parameter in insulation design for numerous applications. Full Text Available Purpose. Development and field experimental research of layout of the single-circuit active screening system of the magnetic field generated by group of high voltage transmission lines in residential area is given. Mathematical model of magnetic field, generated by group of high voltage transmission lines in residential area, based of the experimental values of magnetic field flux density in given points on the basis of optimization problem solving is improved.
The objective of the synthesis of the single circuit active screening system is to determine their number, configuration, spatial arrangement, wiring diagrams and compensation cables currents, setting algorithm of the control systems as well as the resulting value of the magnetic flux density at the points of the protected space.
Synthesis of the full-scale model of active screening system is reduced to the problem of multiobjective nonlinear programming with constraints in which calculation of the objective functions and constraints are carried out on the basis of the Maxwell equations solutions in the quasi-stationary approximation. The problem is solved by a stochastic multiswarm multi-agent particles optimization. The single-circuit active screening system synthesis results for reduction of a magnetic field generated by group of high voltage transmission lines in residential area is given.
Field experimental researches of the single-circuit active screening system of the magnetic field generated by group of high voltage transmission lines in residential area with various control algorithms is given. For the first time out the development and field experimental studies of the single-circuit active screening system of the magnetic field generated by group of high voltage transmission lines in residential area are carried out.
Practical value. Practical recommendations on reasonable choice of the spatial arrangement of compensating cables of single. Full Text Available Heavy ice coating of high—voltage overhead transmission lines may lead to conductor breakage and tower collapse causing the unexpected interrupt of power supply.
The optical load cell applied in ice monitoring systems is immune to electromagnetic interference and has no need of a power supply on site. Therefore, it has become a hot research topic in China and other countries. In this paper, to solve the problem of eccentric load in measurement, we adopt the shearing structure with additional grooves to improve the strain distribution and acquire good repeatability.
After that, protection parts are designed to guarantee high sensitivity for a light load condition and industrial safety under a heavy load up to 65 kN. The results of tension experiments indicate that the sensitivity and resolution of the load cell is 0.
Heavy load tension experiments prove that the protection structure works and the sensitivity and resolution are not changed after several high load 65 kN cycles. In addition, the experiment shows that the resolution of the sensor is References are contained for HVDC systems, converter stations and components, overhead transmission lines , cable transmission , system design and operations, simulation of high voltage direct current systems, high-voltage direct current installations, and flexible AC transmission system FACTS.
New lines have to be constructed. Transmission lines are usually laid out as overhead lines , which are large structures, i. According to public opinion, such power Full Text Available Nowadays modern overhead transmission lines OHL constructions having several significant differences from conventional ones are being used in power grids more and more widely.
Implementation of compact overhead lines equipped with FACTS devices, including phase angle regulator settings compact controlled OHL, appears to be one of the most effective ways of power grid development. Compact controlled AC HV OHL represent a new generation of power transmission lines embodying recent advanced achievements in design solutions, including towers and insulation, together with interconnection schemes and control systems.
Results of comprehensive research and development in relation to —kV compact controlled power transmission lines together with theoretical basis, substantiation, and methodological approaches to their practical application are presented in the present paper. The encoder implements a low-latency and low- overhead line code called LOCic. The encoder operates at MHz with a latency of no greater than 21 ns. The overhead of the encoder is A new and accurate fault location algorithm for combined transmission lines using Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System.
Box: , Mashhad Iran. The proposed method uses 10 ANFIS networks and consists of 3 stages, including fault type classification, faulty section detection and exact fault location. Another ANFIS network is used to detect the faulty section, whether the fault is on the overhead line or on the underground cable. Four inputs, i. The proposed method is evaluated under different fault conditions such as different fault locations, different fault inception angles and different fault resistances.
Simulation results confirm that the proposed method can be used as an efficient means for accurate fault location on the combined transmission lines. Planning of overhead contact lines and simulation of the pantograph running; Oberleitungsplanung und Simulation des Stromabnehmerlaufes.
Using the software FLTG all planning steps for overhead contact lines can be carried out based on the parameters of the contact line type and the line data.
Contact line supports and individual spans are presented graphically. The geometric interaction of pantograph and contact line can be simulated taking into account the pantograph type, its sway and the wind action.
Thus, the suitability of a line for the interoperability of the transEuropean rail system can be demonstrated. Full Text Available This paper derives a model of high-voltage overhead power line under fault conditions at low radio frequencies. The derived model is essential for design of communication systems to reliably transfer information over high voltage power lines.
In addition, the model can also benefit advanced systems for power- line fault detection and classification exploiting the phenomenon of changed conditions on faulted power line , resulting in change of low radio frequency signal propagation.
The methodology used in the paper is based on the multiconductor system analysis and propagation of electromagnetic waves over the power lines. The model for the high voltage power line under normal operation is validated using actual measurements obtained on kV power line.
The proposed model of faulted power lines extends the validated power- line model under normal operation. Simulation results are provided for typical power line faults and typical fault locations. Results clearly indicate sensitivity of power- line frequency response on different fault types.
Feasibility of high-speed power line carrier system to Japanese overhead low voltage distribution lines ; Teiatsu haidensen hanso no kosokuka no kanosei hanso sningo denpa purogram no kanosei.
The high-speed distribution line carrier systems on underground distribution lines are being developed in Germany. To estimate these systems on Japanese overhead low voltage distribution lines , the Carrier Propagation Program has been developed and applicability of OFDM system was roughly estimated.
Carrier Propagation Program Carrier Propagation Program that calculates the carrier propagation characteristics of any line structure was developed. Carrier propagation characteristics Carrier propagation characteristics on typical Japanese overhead low voltage distribution lines were calculated 3.
Rough estimation of OFDM system Electric fields caused by carrier at near point were calculated on the basis on carrier propagation characteristics. Results of rough estimation are as follows: - Electric field caused by carrier of more than 2Mbps system exceeds the value of the regulation.
Series Transmission Line Transformer. A series transmission line transformer is set forth which includes two or more of impedance matched sets of at least two transmissions lines such as shielded cables, connected in parallel at one end ans series at the other in a cascading fashion.
The cables are wound about a magnetic core. The series transmission line transformer STLT which can provide for higher impedance ratios and bandwidths, which is scalable, and which is of simpler design and construction.
Audio-frequency noise emissions from high-voltage overhead power lines. This article discusses the noise-emissions caused by high-voltage overhead power lines that can occur under certain atmospheric conditions. These emissions, caused by electric discharges around the conductors, can achieve disturbing values, depending on the conditions prevailing at the time in question. The causes of the discharges are examined and the ionisation processes involved are looked at. The parameters influencing the discharges are discussed and measures that can be taken to reduce such audio-frequency emissions are looked at.
The authors note that a reduction of peripheral field strengths can reduce emissions and that hydrophilic coatings can lead to faster reduction of such effects after rainfall. Parallel plate transmission line transformer. These transformers rely on the fact that the length of the pulse is shorter than the transmission lines used. This allows connecting the transmission lines in parallel at the input and in series at the. Volume 3: Appendices. Sierra Pacific Power Company has proposed the construction and operation of a , volt overhead electric power transmission line from Alturas, California to Reno, Nevada.
MEMS-based transmission lines for microwave applications. This paper mainly presents a briefly review for recent progress in MEMS-based transmission lines for use in microwave and millimeterwave range. MEMS-based transmission lines including different transmission line structure such as membrane-supported microstrip line microstrip line , coplanar microshield transmission line , LIGA micromachined planar transmission line , micromachined waveguides and coplanar waveguide are discussed.
MEMS-based transmission lines are characterized by low propagation loss, wide operation frequency band, low dispersion and high quality factor, in addition, the fabrication is compatible with traditional processing of integrated circuits IC"s.
The emergence of MEMS-based transmission lines provided a solution for miniaturizing microwave system and monolithic microwave integrated circuits.
Atlas transmission line breakdown analysis. The Atlas facility will use 24 radially converging, vertically oriented and tapered, oil insulated, triplate transmission lines between the Marx generators and the central load region.
Among the requirements of the transmission lines are low inductance and high reliability. The inter-conductor gap is nominally 2 cm and the lines taper from a height of 1. The aluminum conductors, held together by 20 insulating spacers, are assembled and inserted as a unit into radial oil-filled steel tanks.
The negative, high-voltage, center conductor is 2. Peak operating voltage on the lines can be as high as kV with an effective stress time of 0. Testing of small sections of the The end use is for monitoring long stretches of transmission lines that deliver electrical power from remote generating stations to cities and industry. These transmission lines are generally located in remote transmission line corridors where security infrastructure may not exist.
Security and operational sensors in the sensor platform on the conductors take power from the transmission line and relay security and operational information to operations personnel hundreds of miles away without relying on existing infrastructure.
Initiated on May 25, , this project resulted in pre-production units tested in realistic operational environments during A technology licensee, Lindsey Manufacturing of Azusa California, is assisting in design, testing, and ultimately production. The platform was originally designed for a security monitoring mission, but it has been enhanced to include important operational features desired by electrical utilities. In this paper the problems of protecting a cross-bonded cable system using distance protection are analysed.
The combination of the desire to expand the high voltage transmission grid and the public's opinion towards new installations of overhead lines OHL , more and more transmission cable syst Electrical transmission. After briefly tracing the history of electricity transmission , trends in high voltage transmission and experiments being conducted on kV are discussed.
Problems are insulation, radio interference and the cost of underground lines 16 times that of overhead lines. Also considered are the economics of the grid as a means of transporting energy and as a means of spreading the peak load over the power stations in the most efficient manner.
Finally, the question of amenities is discussed. Survey of transmission line corridors. The intent of this study is to determine the extent of delays experienced in planning and constructing transmission lines in the continental United States. The reasons for the delays are identified for each line studied and their effect on the total electrical system is sought.
Data was collected for different lines either recently built or currently under study. Statistics were developed for each line in several categories and comparisons of lines delayed were made by company, area served and generation capacity.
From the study presented here it was found that: right-of-way acquisition procedures including condemnation and easement negotiation practices delay more projects than local, state and federal regulatory requirements combined; load growth reductions particularly in the east have reduced the impact of regulatory delays; the south, southeast and southwestern areas of the country experience fewer delays in constructing transmission lines than the more populated states, and the cost for corridor delays was responded to for only 17 of the projects surveyed.
By far the most costly delay is the expense of condemning land for transmission right-of-way. Evaluation of lightning performance of transmission lines protected by metal oxide surge arresters using artificial intelligence techniques. Christodoulou, C. Lightning and switching overvoltages are the main causes for faults in electrical networks.
In the last decades, several different conventional methodologies have been used for the adjustment of the lightning performance of high voltage transmission lines , which are protected against lightning using overhead ground wires and surge arresters.
The current paper proposes a new developed Artificial Neural Network ANN , based on the Q-learning algorithm, in order to estimate the lightning failure rate of lines of the Hellenic system. The results obtained by the ANN model exhibit a satisfactory correlation in comparison with the real recorded data or the simulations results taken from a conventional method. Transmission line capital costs. The displacement or deferral of conventional AC transmission line installation is a key benefit associated with several technologies being developed with the support of the U.
Previous benefits assessments conducted within OEM have been based on significantly different assumptions for the average cost per mile of AC transmission line. In response to this uncertainty, an investigation of transmission line capital cost data was initiated.
The objective of this study was to develop a database for preparing preliminary estimates of transmission line costs. The composite database covers voltage levels from Reported transmission line costs vary significantly, even for a given voltage level.
This can usually be explained by variation in the design factors noted above and variation in environmental and land right-of-way costs, which are extremely site-specific. Cost estimates prepared from the composite database were compared to cost data collected by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC for investor-owned utilities from across the United States. The comparison was hampered because the only design specifications included with the FERC data were voltage level and line length.
Working within this limitation, the FERC data were not found to differ significantly from the composite database. Therefore, the composite database was judged to be a reasonable proxy for estimating national average costs.
Volume 2: Comments and responses. Significant issues may be identified through public and agency comments. A particular decaying dynamic phase voltage containing voltages higher than the voltage before disconnection appeared. A simulation model for the entire system Transmission and capacity pricing and constraints.
A series of overhead viewgraphs accompanied this presentation which discussed the following issues regarding the North American electric power industry: 1 capacity pricing transmission constraints, 2 nature of transmission constraints, 3 consequences of transmission constraints, and 4 prices as market evidence.
Some solutions suggested for pricing constraints included the development of contingent contracts, back-up power in supply regions, and new line capacity construction. Generally, federal agencies tasked to oversee power grid reliability are dependent on data from grid infrastructure owners and operators in order to obtain a basic level of situational awareness.
Since there are many owners and operators involved in the day-to-day functioning of the power grid, the task of accessing, aggregating and analyzing grid information from these sources is not a trivial one. Seemingly basic tasks such as synchronizing data timestamps between many different data providers and sources can be difficult as evidenced during the post-event analysis of the August blackout.
In this project we investigate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of deploying a network of wireless power line monitoring devices as a method of independently monitoring key parts of the power grid as a complement to the data which is currently available to federal agencies from grid system operators.
Such a network is modeled on proprietary power line monitoring technologies and networks invented, developed and deployed by Genscape, a Louisville, Kentucky based real-time energy information provider. Genscape measures transmission line power flow using measurements of electromagnetic fields under overhead high voltage transmission power lines in the United States and Europe. Opportunities for optimization of the commercial power line monitoring technology were investigated in this project to enable lower power consumption, lower cost and improvements to measurement methodologies.
These optimizations were performed in order to better enable the use of wireless transmission line monitors in large network deployments perhaps covering several thousand power lines for federal situational awareness needs. Power consumption and cost reduction were addressed by developing a power line monitor using a low power, low cost wireless telemetry platform known as the ''Mote''.
Motes were first developed as smart sensor nodes in wireless mesh networking applications. The energy harvesting device extracts energy from the HVPL and transfers that from the power line to monitoring equipment on transmission towers by transmitting and receiving coils, which are in a magnetically coupled resonant configuration. In this paper, the optimization design of online energy harvesting devices is analyzed emphatically by taking both HVPL insulation distance and wireless power supply efficiency into account.
It is found that essential parameters contributing to more extracted energy include large core inner radius, core radial thickness, core height and small core gap within the threshold constraints. Direct contact with touching energized conductors still present a risk of electrocution.
A major goal of overhead power line design is to maintain adequate clearance between energized conductors and the ground so as to prevent dangerous contact with the line.
This is extremely dependent on the voltage the line is running at. Log in. Category : Grid. Cookies help us deliver our services. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. More information OK.
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